DRAM cells with vertical transistors

ABSTRACT

The invention includes a semiconductor structure having U-shaped transistors formed by etching a semiconductor substrate. In an embodiment, the source/drain regions of the transistors are provided at the tops of pairs of pillars defined by crossing trenches in the substrate. One pillar is connected to the other pillar in the pair by a ridge that extends above the surrounding trenches. The ridge and lower portions of the pillars define U-shaped channels on opposite sides of the U-shaped structure, facing a gate structure in the trenches on those opposite sides, forming a two sided surround transistor. Optionally, the space between the pillars of a pair is also filled with gate electrode material to define a three-sided surround gate transistor. One of the source/drain regions of each pair extending to a digit line and the other extending to a memory storage device, such as a capacitor. The invention also includes methods of forming semiconductor structures.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/933,062, titled DRAM Cells with Vertical Transistors, filed on Sep. 1, 2004, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 10/855,429, titled Methods for Forming Semiconductor Structures, filed on May 26, 2004, U.S. application Ser. No. 11/406,455, titled Semiconductor Structures And Memory Device Constructions, filed on Apr. 18, 2006, and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/201,824, titled Semiconductor Structures And Memory Device Constructions, filed on Aug. 10, 2005, the entirety of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to semiconductor structures, memory device constructions, and methods for forming semiconductor structures.

2. Description of the Related Art

Integrated circuit designers often desire to increase the level of integration or density of elements within an integrated circuit by reducing the size of the individual elements and by reducing the separation distance between neighboring elements. One example of a common integrated circuit element is a transistor, which can be found in many devices, such as memory circuits, processors, and the like. A typical integrated circuit transistor comprises a source, a drain, and a gate formed at the surface of the substrate.

A relatively common semiconductor device is a memory device, with a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell being an exemplary memory device. A DRAM cell comprises a transistor and a memory storage structure, with a typical memory storage structure being a capacitor. Modern applications for semiconductor devices can utilize vast numbers of DRAM unit cells.

It would therefore be desirable to develop new methods for fabricating semiconductor devices. It would also be desirable to develop new semiconductor device constructions that can be utilized in semiconductor applications, such as DRAM structures.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the invention encompasses a method of forming a semiconductor structure. A lattice, having horizontal segments and vertical segments, is etched into a semiconductor substrate, such as a silicon wafer or a portion of bulk silicon. In a further embodiment, an epitaxial layer is grown on the semiconductor substrate prior to forming the lattice. Etching the lattice into the semiconductor substrate forms repeating regions of silicon spaced from one another by segments of the lattice. The repeating regions form an array of silicon pillars having a first pitch along a first axis and a second pitch along a second axis. The second axis is substantially orthogonal to the first axis. The second pitch is approximately twice as big as the first pitch. Pairs of silicon pillars form U-shaped transistors.

A first portion of the horizontal lattice segments is etched to a first depth, and a second portion of the horizontal lattice segments is etched to a second depth. The first depth is less than the second depth. Horizontal lattice segments having the first depth alternate with horizontal lattice segments having the second depth. In an embodiment, the first portion of horizontal lattice segments are filled with a first material, and the second portion of horizontal lattice segments are filled with a second material. Each pillar in the U-shaped transistor is separated from the other pillar in the U-shaped transistor by the first material and one U-shaped transistor is separated from another U-shaped transistor by the second material. Preferably, the first material and the second material are an oxide-containing material. In another embodiment, the first material is a nitride-containing material and the second material is an oxide-containing material.

The vertical lattice segments are etched to a third depth. Preferably, the third depth is greater than the first depth and less than the second depth. In an embodiment, the vertical lattice segments are filled with insulators and conductors forming the gates of the DRAM transistors.

In one embodiment, the invention encompasses a semiconductor structure. The structure includes semiconductor substrate and a gate line lattice formed into the semiconductor substrate. The lattice defines an array of non-gate line regions spaced from one another by segments of the lattice. The array has a first pitch along a first axis and a second pitch along a second axis substantially orthogonal to the first axis. The second pitch is about twice as big as the first pitch. The non-gate line regions comprise vertically extending source/drain regions.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses a memory device construction. The construction includes a semiconductor substrate and a gate line etched into the semiconductor substrate. The construction further includes a first vertically extending source/drain region and a second vertically extending source/drain region, both regions formed from the substrate, and at least partially surrounded by the gate line. The source/drain regions are gatedly connected to one another through the gate line. A memory storage device is electrically connected to the first source/drain region. A digit line is electrically connected to the second source/drain region.

In an aspect of the invention, a method for forming a transistor for an integrated circuit comprises etching a semiconductor substrate to form a U-shaped silicon pillar pair and etched regions surrounding the U-shaped silicon pillar pair, where the silicon pillar pair comprises a first pillar and a second pillar. The method further comprises forming a first source/drain region in the first pillar, and forming a second source/drain region in the second pillar. The method further comprises forming a gate line in at least a portion of the etched regions, where the gate line at least partially surrounds the first and second pillars, and where the first source/drain region, the second source/drain region and at least a portion of the gate line form a U-shaped transistor.

In another aspect, a method for forming a semiconductor device comprises etching a first set of trenches to a first depth into a semiconductor substrate. The method further comprises etching a second set of trenches to a second depth into the semiconductor substrate, where the first set of trenches is substantially parallel to the second set of trenches, and where the first set of trenches and the second set of trenches are alternately spaced from one another within the semiconductor substrate. The method further comprises etching a third set of trenches to a third depth into the semiconductor substrate, where the third set of trenches is substantially orthogonal to the first set of trenches and to the second set of trenches. The first, second and third sets of trenches define an array of vertically extending pillars, wherein the array of vertically extending pillars comprises vertical source/drain regions. A gate line is formed within at least a portion of the third set of trenches, where the gate line and the vertical source/drain regions form a plurality of transistors in which pairs of the source/drain regions are connected to one another through a transistor channel.

In another aspect, a method for forming a memory array comprises applying a device mask to a semiconductor substrate to form a first pattern of alternating first lines and first gaps on the semiconductor substrate. The method further comprises processing the semiconductor substrate to form a first set of trenches, where the first set of trenches are formed within the semiconductor substrate within at least a portion of the area defined by the first gaps. The method further comprises applying a periphery mask to the semiconductor device after forming the first set of trenches, where the periphery mask protects a periphery adjacent an array region. The method further comprises processing the semiconductor substrate to form a second set of trenches substantially parallel to the first set of trenches, where the second set of trenches are formed within the semiconductor substrate within at least a portion of the array region. The method further comprises applying a wordline mask to the semiconductor device to form a second pattern of alternating second lines and second gaps on the semiconductor substrate after forming the second set of trenches, where the second lines and second gaps intersect with paths of the first lines and first gaps, and processing the semiconductor substrate to form a third set of trenches, where the third set of trenches are formed within the semiconductor substrate within at least a portion of the area defined by the second gaps, and not formed in the protected periphery.

In another aspect, a method for forming a plurality of U-shaped transistors in a semiconductor structure comprises separating first and second pillars of each U-shaped transistor by a plurality of first trenches, and separating each U-shaped transistor from an adjacent U-shaped transistor by a plurality of second trenches that extend deeper into the semiconductor substrate than the first trenches.

In another aspect, an integrated circuit comprises a semiconductor substrate, and first and second U shaped transistors formed within the semiconductor substrate. The first and second U shaped transistors are separated by a first trench that extends deeper into the semiconductor substrate than the first and second U shaped transistors. The semiconductor structure further comprises a second trench that separates the first and second U shaped transistors from third and fourth U shaped transistors, where the second trench extends into the semiconductor substrate and is shallower than the first trench.

In another aspect, a memory cell comprises a semiconductor substrate, and a U shaped transistor formed within the semiconductor substrate. The U-shaped transistor comprises a first pillar and a second pillar, where the first and second pillars are separated by a trench that extends into the semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor structure further comprises a memory storage device connected to the first pillar, and a digit line connected to the second pillar.

In another aspect, a semiconductor structure comprises a plurality of columns of protrusions. Each protrusion includes a source, a drain, and a channel. The semiconductor structure further comprises a plurality of wordline gaps separating the columns from one another. The structure further comprises a plurality of gate lines formed within a portion of the wordline gaps. Each of the gate lines at least partially surrounds one of the columns.

In another aspect, an electronic device comprises at least one U-shaped semiconductor structure having a first U-shaped surface and a second U-shaped surface on opposite sides connected by end-walls. The first and second U-shaped surfaces are substantially parallel. The U-shaped semiconductor structure comprises a first source/drain region and a second source/drain region. The electronic device further comprises a first channel formed along the first U-shaped surface, and a second channel formed along the second U-shaped surface. The electronic device further comprises a gate line facing both U-shaped surfaces, and a field isolation element directly adjacent each end-wall.

In another aspect, a method of forming a memory cell comprises etching a semiconductor substrate to form at least one U-shaped transistor having a first U-shaped surface and a second U-shaped surface. The first and second U-shaped surfaces are substantially parallel. The U-shaped transistor comprises a first source/drain region, a second source/drain region, and a gate line, wherein the first source/drain region and the second source drain region are formed within the semiconductor substrate. The method further comprises forming a first channel within the semiconductor substrate along the first U-shaped surface, and forming a second channel within the semiconductor substrate along the second U-shaped surface. The method further comprises forming the gate line facing each of the first and second channels.

In another aspect, a method of forming a semiconductor structure comprises etching a set of wordline trenches within a semiconductor substrate, and etching a set of deep trenches within a semiconductor substrate. The second set of trenches crosses and creates a grid with the set of wordline trenches, where the set of wordline trenches and the set of deep trenches define a plurality of protrusions within the semiconductor substrate. The method further comprises defining a heavily doped region and a lightly doped region within each protrusion, depositing gate material into the set of wordline trenches, and spacer etching the gate material to define a gate electrode on sidewalls of the protrusion.

In another aspect, a semiconductor structure comprises a semiconductor substrate, and a U-shaped protrusion surrounded by a set of wordline trenches and a set of deep trenches etched into the semiconductor substrate. The U-shaped protrusion comprises a first pillar and a second pillar. The first and second pillars are separated by a shallow trench of a set of shallow trenches that extends into the semiconductor substrate and the first and second pillars are connected by a ridge that extends above the surrounding trenches. The structure further comprises a first source/drain region formed at a top portion of the first pillar, a second source/drain region formed at a top portion of the second pillar, and a gate structure formed in the set of wordline trenches. The ridge and the lower portions of the first and second pillars define U-shaped channels on opposite sides of the U-shaped protrusion. The U-shaped channels face the gate structure formed in the set of wordline trenches.

A lattice and array semiconductor structure constructed above the substrate is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/855,429, by Werner Juengling, Attorney Docket No. MI22-2456, titled Semiconductor Structures, Memory Device Constructions, and Methods for Forming Semiconductor Structures, filed May 26, 2004, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

For purposes of summarizing the invention, certain aspects, advantages and novel features of the invention have been described herein. It is to be understood that not necessarily all such advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment of the invention. Thus, the invention may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A general architecture that implements the various features of the invention will now be described with reference to the drawings. The drawings and the associated descriptions are provided to illustrate embodiments of the invention and not to limit the scope of the invention. Throughout the drawings, reference numbers are re-used to indicate correspondence between referenced elements.

FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a semiconductor device in which an array of transistors can be formed. Views taken along line A-A show a first cross-section of the semiconductor device and views taken along line B-B show a second cross-section of the semiconductor device.

FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of an embodiment of the semiconductor device after the formation of additional semiconductor processing layers,

FIG. 3 illustrates a top plan view of an embodiment of a photo mask to be applied to the device illustrated in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 2 after the photo mask of FIG. 3 has been applied and transferred to pattern the hard mask layer.

FIG. 5 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 4 after transferring the pattern into the oxide layer and removing the hardmask.

FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 5 after deposition of a blanket layer of spacer material.

FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 6 after a spacer etch.

FIG. 8 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 7 after the formation of the first set of trenches.

FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 8 after filling the first set of trenches.

FIG. 10 illustrates a top plan view of an embodiment of a photo mask to be applied to the device illustrated in FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 9 after removal of the top oxide.

FIG. 12 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 11 after the formation of the second set of trenches.

FIG. 13 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 12 and also illustrates a cross-sectional view of the contact trench after filling the second set of trenches and the contact trench.

FIG. 14 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 13 after planarizing the surface.

FIG. 15 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 14.

FIG. 16 illustrates a top plan view of an embodiment of a photo mask to be applied to the device illustrated in FIGS. 14 and 15.

FIG. 17 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 15 after the photo mask of FIG. 16 has been applied to pattern a hard mask layer.

FIG. 18 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 17 after the formation of the third set of trenches orthogonal to the first and second set of trenches.

FIG. 19 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 18 after the formation of the gate dielectric and gate electrode layer.

FIG. 20 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 19 after a spacer etch, and recessing the gate electrode layer and the dielectric layer.

FIG. 21 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 20 after reoxidizing the device to form the bird's beaks and forming insulating spacers on top of the recessed gate electrode and gate dielectric layers.

FIG. 22 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 21 after depositing a metal layer and performing a self-aligned silicidation process.

FIG. 23 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 22 after filling the third set of trenches and planarizing the surface.

FIG. 24 illustrates a schematic top plan view of an embodiment of the device of FIG. 23.

FIG. 25 illustrates a perspective view of U-shaped protrusions of the transistors and trenches of FIGS. 23 and 24, shown without filler material for purposes of illustration.

FIG. 26 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a U-shaped transistor, showing n+ source and drain regions, a p− channel, and the relative location of the gate electrode.

FIG. 27 is a schematic diagram depicting communication between a microprocessor and a memory device.

FIG. 28 is a circuit diagram of a memory array containing multiple wordlines and digit lines.

FIG. 29 illustrates a schematic cross-section of a portion of a memory array.

FIG. 30 is a schematic top plan view of a portion of a memory array illustrating an embodiment of a wordline for use with the preferred embodiments.

FIG. 31 is a schematic top plan view of a portion of a memory array illustrating another embodiment of a wordline for use with the preferred embodiments.

FIG. 32 is a schematic top plan of a portion of a memory array illustrating another embodiment of a wordline.

FIG. 33 illustrates a cross-sectional view, taken along line A-A of FIG. 32, of a three-sided transistor.

FIG. 34 illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of FIG. 32.

FIG. 35 is a cross-sectional view taken along line C-C of FIG. 32, showing an inverted U-shaped gate layer for a three-sided transistor.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A device is disclosed for use in a semiconductor structure such as a memory array, a wordline, a transistor, or any other structure.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an in-process semiconductor device 100 in which a transistor can be formed. In an embodiment, the device 100 comprises a memory array. The device 100 includes a semiconductor substrate 110, which may comprise any of a wide variety of suitable materials. The semiconductor substrate 110 may include semiconductor structures and/or other layers that have been fabricated thereon or any doped silicon platform that is commonly used in the art. While the illustrated semiconductor substrate 110 comprises an intrinsically doped monocrystalline silicon wafer, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the semiconductor substrate 110 in other arrangements can comprise other forms of semiconductor layers which include other active or operable portions of semiconductor devices.

In an optional embodiment, an epitaxial layer 104 is grown on the substrate 110. The epitaxial layer 104 is a semiconductor layer (e.g., silicon) grown on the substrate 110 by an epitaxial growth process to extend the wafer's crystal structure. In an embodiment, the epitaxial layer 104 has a thickness preferably within the range of about 2 μm to about 6 μm, more preferably within the range of about 3 μm to about 5 μm. In the case that the epitaxial layer 104 is grown on the substrate 110 prior to the etching steps described below, the epitaxial layer 104 shall be considered part of the substrate 1 10. As will be understood in view of the description of FIG. 26 below, the epitaxial layer 104 can be heavily doped with a conductivity type opposite to that of the background substrate doping to serve as the active areas of the transistor(s) being formed.

Views taken of a plane formed by slicing the device 100 along line A-A show a first cross-section of the semiconductor device 100 and views taken of a plane formed by slicing the device 100 along line B-B show a second cross-section of the semiconductor device 100 at various stages of the fabrication process described below.

FIG. 2 illustrates the first cross-section of the device 100. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the semiconductor device 100 further comprises a layer of material 210 formed over the substrate 110 and the optional epitaxial layer 104.

Preferably, the material 210 can be etched selectively with respect to the substrate 110 (silicon) and silicon nitride, and the substrate 110 and the silicon nitride can each be selectively etched with respect to the material 210.

In an embodiment, the material 210 comprises an oxide, such as, for example, silicon dioxide, having a thickness preferably within the range of about 1,000 Å to about 5,000 Å, and more preferably within the range of about 2,000 Å to about 3,000 Å. The material 210 can be deposited using any suitable deposition process, such as, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD).

The semiconductor device 100 further comprises a layer of material 212 formed over the oxide layer 210 and suitable to be used as a hard mask, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In a preferred embodiment, the hard mask 212 comprises amorphous carbon. In other embodiments, the hard mask 212 can comprise tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), polycrystalline silicon, Si₃N₄, SiO₃N₄, SiC, or any other suitable hard mask material. The material 212 can be deposited using any suitable deposition process, such as, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD). In another embodiment, the material 212 is photoresist used in a photolithography process.

FIG. 3 illustrates a portion of a photo mask 300 to be applied to the device 100 to pattern the hard mask layer 212. The shaded portion of the photo mask 300 represents the area in which the hard mask 212 will remain after applying photolithography and etching techniques, and the unshaded portion represents the area in which the hard mask 212 will be removed. The mask 300 forms a pattern of spaced lines 302 separated from one another by gaps 304. The lines 302 and the gaps 304 extend along a horizontal direction.

In an embodiment, the lines 302 are approximately 1100 Å to approximately 1300 Å wide and the gaps 304 are approximately 700 Å to approximately 900 Å wide.

Preferably, the mask 300 further comprises contact gaps 306, which are wider than gaps 304, and extend in the horizontal direction. In an embodiment, the contact gaps 306 provide an area on the device 100 for placement of a contact, such as, for example, a wordline contact, as will be better understood from the discussion of FIG. 30 below.

FIG. 4 illustrates the device 100, from the same view as the first cross-section, after applying the photo mask 300 (FIG. 3), and patterning the hard mask 212. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the hard mask 212 remains over areas of the substrate 110 where the mask 300 (FIG. 3) forms lines 302. The hard mask 212 is removed, however, from the area over the substrate 110 where the mask 300 forms gaps 304.

The hard mask 212 can be patterned using well-known photolithography and etching techniques. For example, in some embodiments, photoresist is deposited as a blanket layer over the device 100 and exposed to radiation through a reticle. Following this exposure, the photoresist film is developed to form the photoresist mask 300 (FIG. 3) on the surface of the hard mask 212, and the hard mask 212 is etched through the mask 300 to expose the oxide 210 of the device 110 in the gaps 304. In the illustrated embodiment, features of the hard mask 212 or the prior photo mask 300 are shrunk by isotopic etch, widening the gaps between the features.

FIG. 5 illustrates the device 100 of FIG. 4 from the same view as the first cross-section, after etching the oxide 210 and removing the hard mask 212.

In some embodiments, the oxide 210 is etched using a process such as, for example, ion milling, reactive ion etching (RIE), or chemical etching. If an etching process involving a chemical etchant (including RIE) is selected, any of a variety of well-known etchants can be used, such as for example, CF₄.

As illustrated in FIG. 5, the etching process etches the oxide 210 in the areas over the substrate 110 where the mask 300 (FIG. 3) or the hard mask 212 (FIG. 4) forms gaps 304, exposing the substrate 110. The oxide 210 remains over areas of the substrate 110 where the mask 300 (FIG. 3) or the hard mask 212 (FIG. 4) forms lines 302.

FIG. 6 illustrates the device 100 of FIG. 5, from the same view as the first cross-section, after forming a layer spacer of material 602 over the oxide 210. Preferably, the spacer material 602 fills approximately 1/20 to ⅓ of the gaps 304. Preferably, the spacer material 602 can be selectively etched with respect to the substrate 110 (silicon) and the oxide 210, and the substrate 110 (silicon) and the oxide 210 can each be selectively etched with respect to the spacer material 602. In an embodiment, the layer of spacer material 602 comprises a nitride-containing material, such as, for example, silicon nitride, having a thickness preferably within the range of about 150 Å to about 250 Å, and more preferably within the range of about 180 Å to about 220 Å. The material 602 can be deposited using any suitable deposition process, such as, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD).

FIG. 7 illustrates the device 100 of FIG. 6 from the same view as the first cross-section, after forming nitride spacers 702. In an embodiment, an anisotropic etch preferentially removes horizontal surfaces and patterns the nitride layer 602 into the spacers 702 in a well-known spacer etch process. The spacers 702 form within the gaps 304 to narrow the gaps 304. The spacers 702 extend longitudinally in the horizontal direction along lateral interior peripheries of the gaps 304, and have a width preferably within the range of about 150 Å to about 250 Å, and more preferably within the range of about 180 Å to about 220 Å.

FIG. 8 illustrates the device 100 of FIG. 7 from the same view as the first cross-section, after etching a plurality of first or “shallow” trenches 800 into the silicon substrate 110. The first trenches 800 are etched into the silicon substrate 110 at the gaps 304 using a process such as, for example, ion milling, reactive ion etching (RIE), or chemical etching. If an etching process involving a chemical etchant (including RIE) is selected, any of a variety of well-known etchants can be used, such as for example, Cl₂.

The first or shallow trenches 800 have a depth preferably within the range of about 2,700 Å to about 3,300 Å, and more preferably within the range of about 2,850 Å to about 3,150 Å. The first trenches 800 have a width preferably within the range of about 170 Å to about 430 Å, and more preferably within the range of about 200 Å to about 400 Å. The trenches 800 extend longitudinally in the horizontal direction of the device 100. See FIG. 3.

FIG. 9 illustrates the device 100 of FIG. 8, from the same view as the first cross-section, after depositing a layer of material 900 to fill the first trenches 800. The material 900 can be deposited using any suitable deposition process, such as, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD). Preferably, the material 900 can be selectively etched with respect to the substrate 110 (silicon) and the nitride 702. In an embodiment, the material 900 comprises an oxide, such as, for example, silicon dioxide.

In a second embodiment, the material 900 can preferably be selectively etched with respect to the substrate 110 (silicon) and the oxide 210, and the substrate 110 (silicon) and the oxide 210 can each be selectively etched with respect to the material 900. In the second embodiment, the material 900 comprises a nitride, such as, for example, silicon nitride. See the discussion of FIGS. 32-35 for an understanding of the second embodiment.

FIG. 10 illustrates a photo mask 1000 to be applied to the device 100 of FIG. 9. As described above, a typical masking process is used. In an embodiment, after depositing a layer of hard mask material to the device 100, conventional photolithography, and etching techniques are applied to etch the hard mask. The shaded portion of the photo mask 1000 represents the area in which the hard mask layer remains after applying conventional photolithography and etching techniques. The remaining hard mask layer protects the periphery of the device 100 from further processing.

The unshaded portion of the photo mask 1000 represents the area in which the conventional photolithography and etching techniques remove the hard mask layer. The removal of the hard mask layer from the surface of device 100 within the area defined by the unshaded portion of the mask 1000 permits further processing of the device 100 within the area defined by the unshaded portion of the mask 1000.

Preferably, the width of the mask 300 (FIG. 3) is narrower than the width of the opening of the mask 1000 and the length of the mask 300 (FIG. 3) is shorter than the length of the opening of the mask 1000.

FIG. 11 illustrates the device 100 of FIG. 9 from the same view as the first cross-section, after removing the oxide 210. The removal of the oxide 210 creates gaps 1100 between the first trenches 800. The oxide 210 is etched down to the surface of the substrate 110 using a process such as, for example, reactive ion etching (RIE). RIE is a directional anisotropic etch having both physical and chemical components. An example of the physical etching process used in RIE is sputter etching.

As illustrated in FIG. 11, a second spacer 1102 is preferably formed beside the nitride spacer 702 in the gaps 1100 left by the oxide removal. In an embodiment, the spacer 1102 comprises a nitride-containing material, such as, for example, silicon nitride, having a thickness preferably within the range of about 360 Å to about 440 Å, and more preferably within the range of about 380 Å to about 420 Å.

In an embodiment, a process, such as an anisotropic etch, forms spacers 1102 from a layer of nitride-containing material deposited on the surface of the device 100. This process is similar to the process used to form the spacers 702, as described above. The spacer 1102 forms beside the spacer 702 and within the gap 1100 to narrow the gap 1100. The spacers 1102 preferably fill approximately 1/20 to ⅔ of the gap 1100, narrowing the gap 1100 to a width preferably within the range of about 360 Å to about 440 Å, and more preferably within the range of about 380 Å to about 420 Å. The spacers 1102 extend longitudinally in the horizontal direction along lateral interior peripheries of the gaps 1100.

FIG. 12 illustrates the device 100 of FIG. 11, from the same view as a first cross-section, after etching a plurality of second or “deep” trenches 1200. The second trenches 1200 are etched into the silicon substrate 110 at the gaps 1100 preferably using a directional process such as, for example, ion milling, or reactive ion etching (RIE), which selectively etches the silicon substrate 110 and does not etch the oxide and nitride materials.

The second or deep trenches 1200 have a depth preferably within the range of about 4,500 Å to about 5,500 Å, and more preferably within the range of about 4,750 Å to about 5,250 Å. The second trenches 1200 have a width preferably within the range of about 170 Å to about 430 Å, and more preferably within the range of about 200 Å to about 400 Å. The second trenches 1200 extend longitudinally in the horizontal direction of the device 100.

Preferably, as illustrated, the second trenches 1200 are deeper than the first trenches 800.

FIG. 13 illustrates the device 100 of FIG. 12 from the same view as the first cross-section, after filling the second trenches 1200 with a material 1300. Preferably, the material 1300 can be selectively etched with respect to the substrate 110 (silicon) and silicon nitride, and the substrate 110 and the silicon nitride can each be selectively etched with respect to the material 1300. In an embodiment, the material 1300 comprises an oxide, such as, for example, silicon dioxide. The material 1300 can be deposited using any suitable deposition process, such as, for example, CVD, but is preferably by spin on glass (SOG) deposition. The material 1300 will serve as a field isolation element in the final structure as will be seen in the discussion below.

FIG. 13 also illustrates a contact trench 1302 formed by processing the contact gap 306. The contact trench 1302 is preferably simultaneously etched and filled during the process utilized to form the second trench 1200, as described above.

The contact trenches 1302 have a depth preferably within the range of about 4,500 Å to about 5,500 Å, and more preferably within the range of about 4,750 Å to about 5,250 Å. The contact trenches 1302 have a width preferably within the range of about 4 F to about 6 F, or about 2-3 lengths of the U-shaped devices. The contact trenches 1302 extend longitudinally in the horizontal direction of the device 100.

FIG. 14 illustrates the device 100 of FIG. 13 from the same view as the first cross-section, after the planarizing the surface of the device 100. Any suitable planarization process, such as, for example, chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) may be used.

As illustrated in FIG. 14, the device 100 comprises pairs of “bulk” silicon pillars 1400. Each second or deep trench 1200, filled with oxide 1300 in the illustrated embodiment, separates one pair of “bulk” silicon pillars 1400 from the next pair of “bulk” silicon pillars 1400. The more shallow first trench 800, filled with oxide or nitride 900 in the illustrated embodiment, separates a first silicon pillar 1402 from a second silicon pillar 1404 in each pair of silicon pillars 1400.

FIG. 15 illustrates a perspective view of the device of FIG. 14. The first or shallow trenches 800, the second or deep trenches 1200, the contact trenches 1302, and the silicon pillars 1400 extend longitudinally in the horizontal direction of the device 100.

Referring to FIG. 3, the photo mask 300 defines the lines 302 and gaps 304 etched into the device 100. By performing the processing steps as described above, the line and gap features 302, 304 of the photo mask 300 form the trenches 800, 1200 and the pillars 1402, 1404. Due to the formation of spacers protecting the silicon substrate 110 during the etching processes, the device 100 comprises approximately two pillars 1402, 1404 for every one of the line and gap photo features 302, 304 of the mask 300. The distance between identical, adjacent features of the photo mask 300 is approximately twice as big as the distance between the silicon pillars 1402, 1404, and the more densely packed pillars are said to be “double pitched” or “pitch multiplied” relative to the lithography-defined critical dimension.

FIG. 16 illustrates a portion of a third photo mask 1600 to be applied to the device 100 of FIG. 15. The mask 1600 forms a pattern of isolated lines 1602 within an opening. The lines 1602 are separated from one another by gaps 1604. The lines 1602 and the gaps 1604 extend along a vertical direction. The third mask 1600 also forms an area between the pattern of spaced lines 1602 and gaps 1604 and the array-bounding second mask 1000.

Referring to FIG. 7, the spacers 702 form along the lateral sides and ends of the rows of oxide 210 remaining in the lines 302, forming a loop around the end of each row of oxide 210. In addition, referring to FIG. 11, the spacers 1102 form along the lateral sides and ends of the spacers 702, forming a loop around the shallow trench 800. During an etching process described below, the area of the third mask surrounding the pattern of spaced lines 1602 and gaps 1604 causes the loop of spacers 702 and 1102 around the shallow trench 800 to be etched away. Thus, the spacers 702, 1102 extend longitudinally in the horizontal direction along lateral interior peripheries of the gaps 1100, forming lines, and not forming loops at the periphery of the device 100.

FIG. 17 illustrates the device of FIG. 16 after the pattern of the photo mask 1600 has been transferred to an underlying layer of hard mask material 1700. FIG. 17 illustrates the view of the device 100 into the plane formed by slicing device 100 along the line B-B, or from the view of a second cross-section, orthogonal to the first cross-section.

In an embodiment, using a carbon shrink process to further reduce the line width to less than F, where F is the minimum printable size of a feature of a photo mask, the lines 1602 are 0.5 F wide and the gaps 1604 are 1.5 F wide. The carbon shrink process does not change the pitch of the mask 1600. The shaded portions, the lines 1602, of the photo mask 1600 represent the area in which a hard mask layer remains after applying photolithography and etching techniques, and the unshaded portions, the gaps 1604 and the border 1606 (FIG. 16), represent the area in which the hard mask layer is removed.

As described above, a typical masking process is used. After depositing a layer of hard mask material 1700, the hard mask 1700 can be patterned using well-known photolithography and etching techniques. For example, in some embodiments, photoresist is deposited as a blanket layer over the device 100 and exposed to radiation through the photo mask 1600. Following this exposure, the photoresist film is developed to form a photoresist mask on the surface of the hard mask 1700, and the hard mask 1700 is etched to expose the substrate 110 in the gap regions 1604 and the border region 1606 (FIG. 16) of the device 100.

As illustrated in FIG. 17, the hard mask 1700 remains over the area of the substrate 110 where the third mask 1600 forms lines 1602. Preferably, the lines 1602 are reduced to 0.5 F wide using a carbon shrink process, (e.g., by isotropic etching), and the gaps 1604 become 1.5 F wide, where F is the minimum printable size of a feature of a photo mask.

FIG. 18 illustrates the device 100 of FIG. 17 from the same view as the second cross-section, after forming a plurality of third or wordline trenches 1800 and after removing the hard mask 1700.

The third trenches 1800 are etched into the substrate 110 in the area 1604 of the device 100. The silicon substrate 110 and oxide 900, 1300 can be etched using any dry etch which etches oxide and bulk silicon at the same rate. In other embodiments, a first etch etches the silicon substrate 110 and a second etch etches the oxide 900, 1300. Alternately, the first etch etches the oxide 900, 1300 and the second etch etches the silicon substrate 110.

The third or wordline trenches 1800 have a depth preferably within the range of about 3,600 Å to about 4,400 Å, and more preferably within the range of about 3,800 Å to about 4,200 Å. The third trenches 1800 have a width of approximately 1.5 F, or preferably within the range of about 1450 Å to about 1780 Å, and more preferably within the range of about 1540 Å to about 1700 Å. The third trenches 1302 extend laterally in the horizontal plane, substantially perpendicular or orthogonal to the first trenches 800 and to the second trenches 1200, of the device 100.

Preferably, the third trenches 1800 are deeper than the first trenches 800 to allow for the formation of a transistor gate electrode along a sidewall of the third trenches 1800. Further, the third trenches 1800 are preferably not as deep as the second trenches 1200 to allow the second trenches 1200 to provide isolation between closely spaced transistors when the wordline is enabled.

The device 100 further comprises silicon pillars 1802 formed between the third trenches 1800.

FIG. 19 illustrates the device 100 of FIG. 18, from the same view as the second cross-section, after forming a layer of dielectric material 1902 and depositing a layer of material 1904 on the device 100. In an embodiment, the dielectric is a gate oxide comprising silicon dioxide. The dielectric 1902 has a thickness preferably within the range of about 50 Å to about 70 Å, and more preferably within the range of about 54 Å to about 66 Å. The dielectric 1902, in an embodiment, can be applied by wet or dry oxidation of the semiconductor substrate 110 followed by etching through a mask, or by dielectric deposition techniques.

In an embodiment, the material 1904 comprises a gate electrode layer, such as, for example, polysilicon, and has a thickness of approximately ½ F. Preferably, the polysilicon has a thickness of approximately 540 Å, and more preferably within the range of about 490 Å to about 510 Å. The polysilicon 1904 can be deposited using any suitable deposition process, such as, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD).

The polysilicon 1904 is also deposited in the trench formed by etching the border area 1606 (FIG. 16).

FIG. 20 illustrates the device 100 of FIG. 19, from the same view as the second cross-section, after a spacer etch and etching and recessing the polysilicon 1904 and the dielectric 1902 to form spacers 2000. The spacer etch also separates the spacers 2000 at the bottom of the third trench 1800.

Recessing the polysilicon 1904 and the dielectric 1902 to form spacers 2000 exposes the upper side portion 2002 of the silicon pillars 1802. The recess is approximately 900 Å to approximately 1100 Å, or approximately ⅓ of the depth of the trench 1800.

FIG. 21 illustrates the device 100 of FIG. 20 from the same view as the second cross-section, after reoxidizing the device 100 and after forming gate isolation spacers 2102.

In some embodiments, the processing steps may cause damage to the gate oxide 1902. The reoxidization process may repair at least a portion of the damage to the gate oxide 1902 at the exposed corners: at the top of the pillars and at the bottom of the third trench 1800. The regrown gate oxide material 2100 isolates active regions of the transistors from the spacer 2000 at high field corners of the gate electrodes, and forms a characteristic bird's beak shape after completion of the reoxidization process. The spacer 2000 is the gate electrode or gate layer 2000. In an embodiment, the reoxidation is applied by wet or dry oxidation of the substrate 110, or by other common oxidation techniques. In an embodiment, the regrown gate oxide material 2100, which formed on the gate layer 1904, is etched back from the gate layer 1904.

As also illustrated in FIG. 21, the spacers 2102 are formed on the exposed upper side portion 2002 of the silicon pillars 1802. The spacers 2102 comprise a nitride-containing material, such as, for example, silicon nitride, and are formed in a process that is similar to the process used to form spacers 702, which is described above. The spacers 2102 are smaller than the spacers 2000, and reinforce shielding at high-field corners of the gate to reduce or prevent current leakage and to prevent shorting of the gate to the source/drain from a subsequent salicide process. The process that forms spacers 2102 also fills the gap between the polysilicon spacers 2000 at the bottom of the trench 1800 with the nitride-containing material.

FIG. 22 illustrates the device 100 of FIG. 21, from the same view as the second cross-section, after forming a conductive layer 2200.

In an embodiment, the polysilicon spacers 2000 are salicided (self-aligned silicidation) to form a layer of conductive material 2200. A metal layer is blanket deposited and an anneal step causes silicidation where ever the metal contacts silicon, such as on the top of the pillars and on the exposed surface of the polysilicon spacers 2000. In an embodiment, the silicide material 2200 comprises a silicon and a metal, such as, for example, tungsten, titanium, ruthenium, tantalum, cobalt, and nickel, and is between approximately 100 Å and 300 Å thick, and more preferably between approximately 190 Å and 210 Å thick. A selective metal etch removes excess metal and metal that does not contact silicon.

The metal silicide forms a self-aligned strapping layer 2200 to increase lateral conductivity along the wordline. The metal silicide also forms on the tops of the pillars 1802 to provide source and drain contacts, as will be better understood from the discussion of FIG. 29 below. An optional physical etch ensures the separation of the spacers 2000 at the bottom of the trench 1800.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the conductive layer 2200 may also be made of other metals, such as, for example, gold, copper aluminum, and the like, and need not react with the silicon. Mixtures of metals are also suitable for forming the conductive layer 2200. If the metal strapping layer 2200 is not formed by a salicide process, then the preferred process is selective deposition on silicon. Other methods of depositing the conductive layer 2200 include, but are not limited to, rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD), low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), and physical vapor deposition (PVD).

FIG. 23 illustrates the device 100 of FIG. 22 from the same view as the second cross-section, after filling the remainder of the third trenches 1800 with an insulating material 2300. In an embodiment, the insulating material 2300 comprises an oxide such as, for example, silicon dioxide. The insulating material 2300 can be deposited using any suitable deposition process, such as, for example, SOD, CVD, or PVD.

FIG. 23 also illustrates the device 100 after planarization. Any suitable planarization process, such as, for example, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) may be used. The CMP slurry is preferably selective versus the silicide to protect the contacts on the pillar tops.

From the view of the second cross-section, the device 100 comprises a row of silicon pillars 1802 separated from one another by the plurality of oxide filled third trenches 1800. The silicon pillars 1802 are preferably approximately 410 Å to 510 Å wide, and more preferably 440 Å to 480 Å wide. The third trenches 1800 further comprise the gate dielectric 1902, the gate layer 2000, and the conductive strapping layer 2200.

FIG. 24 illustrates a top view of the device 100. The device 100 comprises an array of silicon pillars 1802, the first or shallow trenches 800, the oxide-filled second or deep trenches 1200, and the oxide-filled third or wordline trenches 1800. The first or shallow trenches are filled with oxide in the illustrated embodiment, and filled with nitride in another embodiment (see FIGS. 32-34 and related text). The device 100 further comprises the dielectric layer 1902 (not shown), the wordline spacer 2000, and the metal strapping layer 2200. The dielectric layer 1902, which forms only on the sides of the silicon pillars 1802, and is a thin layer separating the wordline spacer 2000 from the silicon pillars 1802, is not shown for clarity. The metal strapping layer 2200 is not shown for clarity.

The array of silicon pillars 1802 has a first pitch 2402 and a second pitch 2404. The pitch is the distance between repeating elements in the array. The first pitch 2402 is the width of the silicon pillar 1802 as measured in the y-direction plus the distance between silicon pillars 1802 as measured in the y-direction. The second pitch 2404 is the length of the silicon pillar 1802 as measured in the x-direction plus the distance between silicon pillars 1802 as measured in the x-direction. In an embodiment, the second pitch 2404 is approximately twice as big as the first pitch 2402.

Pairs of pillars 1802 further form protrusions 2406 of vertical transistors. Each vertical transistor protrusion 2406 comprises two pillars 1802, which are separated by the oxide or nitride-filled first or shallow trench 800 and connected by a channel base segment 2407 that extends beneath the shallow trench 800. The vertical transistors 2406 are separated from one another in the y-direction by the oxide-filled second or deep trenches 1200.

The wordline spacers or wordlines 2000 are separated from one another by the oxide-filled third or wordline trenches 1800.

FIG. 25 illustrates a perspective view of the silicon pillars 1802 of the device 100. The dielectric layer 1902, the wordline 2000, and the metal strapping layer 2200, which are formed in the wordline trench 1800, have been left off for clarity. Also, the trenches 800,1200, 1800 are shown unfilled for clarity.

FIG. 25 illustrates a plurality of U-shaped protrusions 2406 formed by the crossing trenches described above. Each U-shaped protrusion includes a pair of pillars 1802 connected by a channel base segment 2407. Each U-shaped protrusion 2406 includes the source, drain and channel regions of the vertical transistor. In particular, each pillar 1802 of the pair of pillars 1802 forms a source or a drain region of the transistor. The first trench 800 separates one pillar 1802 of the protrusion 2406 from the other pillar 1802 of the protrusion 2406. The second trench 1200 separates one transistor protrusion 2406 from another transistor protrusion 2406 in the y-direction.

Each U-shaped pillar construction has two U-shaped side surfaces facing a wordline trench 1800, forming a two-sided surround gate transistor. Each U-shaped pillar pair comprises two back-to-back U-shaped transistor flow paths having a common source, drain, and gate. Because the back-to-back transistor flow paths in each U-shaped pillar pair share the source, drain, and gate, the back-to-back transistor flow paths in each U-shaped pillar pair do not operate independently of each other. The back-to-back transistor flow paths in each U-shaped pillar pair form redundant flow paths of one transistor protrusion 2406.

When the transistors are active, the current i stays in left side and right side surfaces of the U-shaped transistor protrusion 2406. The left side and right side surfaces of the U-shaped transistor protrusion 2406 are defined by the third or wordline trenches 1800. The current for each path stays in one plane. The current does not turn the corners of the U-shaped transistor protrusion 2406. The transistors, in an embodiment, can become fully depleted.

The wordlines 2000 surround a column of U-shaped transistors. The third or wordline trench 1800 separates one wordline 2000 from another wordline 2000 in the x-direction.

In an embodiment, the second trench 1200 is deeper than the third trench 1800, and the third trench 1800 is deeper than the first trench 800.

In an embodiment, the first trench 800 is filled with the oxide-containing material 900, the second trench 1200 is filled with the oxide-containing material 1300, and the third trench 1800 is filled with the oxide-containing material 2300. Optionally, in another embodiment, the first trench 800 is filled with nitride-containing material, the second trench 1200 is filled with oxide-containing material, and the third trench 1800 is filled with oxide-containing material. Additional processing steps could remove the nitride containing material from the first trench 800 and fill the first trench 800 with a conductive material, as will be further discussed with respect to the embodiment of FIGS. 32-35 below.

FIG. 26 illustrates one embodiment of the transistor from the same view as the first cross-section, in which the gate line spacer 2000 (not shown) gatedly connects the source/drain regions of the transistor protrusion 2406 to each other. While the gate line spacer 2000 is not shown in FIG. 26 because it is parallel to the plane of view, the height of the gate line spacer 2000 is indicated by dashed lines 2414, 2416. Dashed line 2416 also indicates the bottom of the third or wordline trench 1800.

The transistor protrusion 2406 comprises a first silicon pillar 2600 and a second silicon pillar 2602 connected by the channel base segment 2407. Each of pillars 2600, 2602 has an n+doped source/drain region in an uppermost portion of the pillar, with the heavily-doped region of pillar 2600 being labeled 2604 and the heavily-doped region of pillar 2602 being labeled 2606.

The transistor protrusion 2406 further comprises a doped region 2608 that extends from the n+ doped region 2606, through the channel base segment 2407, to the doped region 2604, with such doped region 2608 indicated to be p−. The doped region 2608 forms a U-shaped channel of the transistor.

The n+ doped source/drain region 2604 of the first pillar 2600 connects with the n+ doped source/drain region 2606 of the second pillar 2602 through the U-shaped channel 2608. The channel length of the transistor is the length extending from source/drain region 2604 to source/drain region 2606 through the U-shaped channel 2608.

The channel characteristics of the device can be influenced by tailoring the dopant concentrations and types along the channel length. Additionally, characteristics of the device can be influenced by the type of materials utilized for pillars 2600 and 2602. Further, the device characteristics are influenced by the type of material utilized for the gate line spacer 2000 and the thickness of the gate line spacer 2000.

Preferably, the semiconductor substrate 110 is doped to create channel and source/drain regions prior to the etch steps described above. In an embodiment, the epitaxial layer 104 is doped to create source/drain regions prior to processing the semiconductor device 100. In another embodiment, the semiconductor substrate 110 is doped to create source/drain regions in additional processing steps during the etch steps described above. In a further embodiment, the semiconductor substrate 110 is doped to create source/drain regions in additional processing steps after the etch steps described above. The semiconductor device 100 can be doped using any suitable doping process, such as, for example, ion implantation or diffusion.

FIG. 26 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the invention, and it is to be understood that the invention also encompasses various modifications. For instance, the dopant types shown in FIG. 26 can be reversed relative to the shown embodiment. Thus, all of the n-type regions can be converted to opposite conductivity (i.e. p-type) regions, and likewise the p-type regions can be converted to opposite-conductivity (i.e. n-type) regions.

FIG. 27 illustrates a memory array 2710 that interfaces with other electronic circuitry 2712 via conventional address signals 2714 and data signals 2716. The address signals 2714 select one or more memory cells in the memory array 2710. The data signals 2716, on the other hand, carry data that is stored in or retrieved from the memory array 2710.

In one embodiment, the memory array 2710 is a dynamic random access memory (DRAM). In other embodiments the memory array 2710 may comprise a wide variety of memory devices such as static memory, dynamic memory, extended data out memory, extended data out dynamic random access memory (EDO DRAM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory (DDR SDRAM), synchronous link dynamic random access memory (SLDRAM), video random access memory (VRAM), rambus dynamic random access memory (RDRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), flash memories, or any other memory type known in the art.

The memory array 2710 interfaces with different types of electronic circuitry 2712. By way of example, the electronic circuitry 2712 can include any device, which accesses or relies on memory including, but not limited to, computers, and the like.

The computers comprise, by way of example, processors, program logic, or other substrate configurations representing data and instructions, which operate as described herein. In other embodiments, the processors can comprise controller circuitry, processor circuitry, processors, general purpose single-chip or multi-chip microprocessors, digital signal processors, embedded microprocessors, microcontrollers and the like.

In some embodiments, the memory array 2710 and the electronic circuitry 2712 are implemented separately. In other embodiments, the memory array 2710 and the electronic circuitry 2712 are integrated together. Furthermore, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the memory array 2710 can be implemented in a wide variety of devices, products, and systems.

FIG. 28 illustrates the memory array 2710 that comprises a plurality of memory cells 2820. These memory cells 2820 are organized into columns C₁-C_(N) and rows R₁-R_(N). A column decoder 2824 and a row decoder 2826 process the address signals 2714 to identify the column C_(N) and row R_(N) of the targeted memory cell 2820. The columns (in the illustrated configuration) are commonly known as wordlines and the rows are typically known as digit lines.

FIG. 29 illustrates a portion of the memory array 2710 formed by the device 100. In an embodiment, one of the pillars 1802 of each vertical transistor connects to a digit line or bitline 2914 (B) and the other pillar 1802 of the transistor connects to a memory storage device 2910 (C), such as, for example, a capacitor, to form a portion of a memory device, such as, for example, a DRAM. In an embodiment, the memory storage device 2910 electrically connects to one of the pillars 1802 of the transistor through a plug or contact 2912. The wordline 2000 is indicated by the dashed lines 2414, 2416.

In a typical embodiment, the memory cell 2820, comprising the U-shaped transistor protrusion 2406, the contact 2912, and the memory storage device 2910, and the bitline 2914, occupy a 4 F² space in the memory array 2710, where F is the minimum printable feature defined by the photoresist masks 300, 1600. In the embodiment illustrated by FIGS. 1-29, the spacers 702, 1102, reduce the F sized features of the photoresist mask.

FIG. 30 illustrates a portion of a memory array 2710 comprising a plurality of wordlines 2000. The wordline 2000 at least partially surrounds the column of U-shaped transistor protrusions 2406. The contact trench 1306 along columns of the U-shaped transistor protrusions 2406 in the device 100 provides room for a wordline contact from above.

FIG. 31 illustrates another embodiment of the portion of the memory array 2710 employing the wordlines 2000. Contacts for the wordlines 2000 are placed at the alternating ends of the columns of transistors. In this embodiment, the wordlines 2000 are patterned for higher integration within the memory array 2710.

FIGS. 32-35 illustrate another embodiment of a portion of a memory array 2710 comprising wordlines 3200. The memory array 2710 further comprises a plurality of three-sided transistors 3202. Each transistor 3202 comprises two silicon pillars 1802 formed as described above with respect to FIGS. 1-14. The first or shallow trench 800, however, is filled with a nitride-containing material, such as silicon nitride. The wordline trench 1800 is formed as described with respect to FIGS. 16-18.

Before forming the gate dielectric 1902 and depositing the gate layer 1904 in the wordline trench 1800, as illustrated in FIG. 19, a selective nitride etch removes the nitride (see FIG. 14) from the shallow trench 800.

After the selective nitride etch removes the nitride from the shallow trench 800, the gate dielectric 1902 is formed, and the gate layer 1904 is deposited in the wordline trench 1800, as illustrated in FIG. 19. The gate dielectric 1902 also forms in the shallow trench 800. Further, the gate layer 1904 is also deposited in the shallow trench 800. Because the shallow trench 800 is narrower than the wordline trench 1800, the deposition of the gate layer 1904 fills the shallow trench 800.

The spacer etch of the gate layer 1904, illustrated in FIG. 20, recesses the gate layer 1904 deposited in the shallow trench 800, but does not remove the gate layer 1904 in the shallow trench 800.

The process continues as described in FIGS. 21-23. The device 100 is reoxidized and spacers 2102 are formed (FIG. 21), the conductive layer 2200 is formed (FIG. 22), and the device 100 is planarized (FIG. 23).

Referring to FIG. 32, the wordline 3200 formed by the above process defines a ladder-shaped polysilicon gate layer 3200. The transistors 3202 are surrounded on three sides by the ladder-shaped gate layer 3200, forming the three-sided surround gate transistors 3202.

FIG. 33 illustrates a cross-section of the U-shaped transistor 3202 as viewed from the plane formed by line A-A of FIG. 32. The device 100 comprises the pair of silicon pillars 1802, the oxide-filled deep trench 1200, the shallow trench 800, and the substrate 110. The shallow trench 800 comprises the dielectric layer 1902, and is filled with the gate layer 3200. The sections of the gate layer 3200 that are parallel to the plane of view are indicated by dashed lines. Pairs of pillars 1802 form the transistors 3202. Each pillar 1802 in the pair of pillars 1802 is separated from the other pillar 1802 in the pair of pillars 1802 by the polysilicon-filled shallow trench 800. Each transistor 3202 is separated from another transistor 3202 by the oxide-filled deep trench 1200.

In the illustrated embodiment, each of pillars 1802 has a p+ doped source/drain region in an uppermost portion of the pillar. The transistor 3202 further comprises an n− doped region that extends from the p+ doped region of one pillar 1802 to the p+ doped region of the other pillar 1802. The wordline 3200 is indicated by dashed lines.

FIG. 34 illustrates a cross-section of the memory array 2710 as viewed from the plane formed by the line B-B of FIG. 32. The memory array 2710 comprises silicon pillars 1802. The silicon pillars 1802 are separated from one another by the oxide-filled third trench 1800. The silicon pillars 1802 are preferably approximately 410 Å to 510 Å wide, and more preferably 440 Å to 480 Å wide. The memory array 2710 further comprises the gate dielectric 1902, the wordline 3200, and the conductive strapping layer 2200.

FIG. 35 illustrates a cross-section of the memory array 2710 as viewed from the plane formed by line C-C of FIG. 32, shown without the conductive strapping layer for convenience. This view illustrates the (partially) polysilicon-filled shallow trench 800, which forms a “rung” of the ladder-shaped gate layer 3200. The bottom 3500 of the shallow trench 800 defines the lower edge of the “rung” of the ladder-shaped gate layer 3200. The memory array 2710 comprises the silicon pillars 1802. The silicon pillars 1802 are separated from one another by the oxide-filled third trench 1800. The oxide-filled third trench 1800 comprises the “sides” of the ladder-shaped gate layer 3200. The memory array 2710 further comprises the gate dielectric 1902, and the conductive strapping layer 2200.

Methodology of the invention can be used in numerous applications. For example, the invention can be utilized for forming one transistor, one-capacitor 4F2 DRAM cells. In particular embodiments, the invention can be considered to comprise vertical DRAM cell technology. One transistor pillar connects the cell storage device to a substrate, and another transistor pillar connects the digit line to the substrate. The self-aligned lateral transistor channel region connects vertical source/drain region pillars to one another. The cell can have low digit capacitance and low wordline resistance, Because the U-shaped transistor protrusions 2406 comprises two U-shaped surfaces that share a common source, drain, and gate, the cell can have redundancy against vertical axis problems.

While certain embodiments of the inventions have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the inventions. 

1. An integrated circuit comprising: a semiconductor substrate; first and second U-shaped transistors formed within the semiconductor substrate, the first and second U-shaped transistors separated by a first trench that extends deeper into the semiconductor substrate than the first and second U shaped transistors; and a second trench that separates the first and second U-shaped transistors from third and fourth U-shaped transistors, wherein the second trench extends into the semiconductor substrate and is shallower than the first trench.
 2. The integrated circuit of claim 1 wherein the second trench is a wordline trench.
 3. The integrated circuit of claim 1 wherein the first trench is filled with an oxide-containing material.
 4. The integrated circuit of claim 1 wherein the second trench comprises a gate line.
 5. The integrated circuit of claim 1 wherein the semiconductor substrate comprises an epitaxial silicon layer.
 6. A memory cell comprising: a semiconductor substrate; and a U-shaped transistor formed within the semiconductor substrate, the U-shaped transistor comprising a first pillar and a second pillar, wherein the first and second pillars are separated by a trench that extends into the semiconductor substrate; a memory storage device, the memory storage device connected to the first pillar; and a digit line, the digit line connected to the second pillar.
 7. The memory cell of claim 6 wherein the digit line is above the semiconductor substrate.
 8. The memory cell of claim 6 wherein the memory storage device is above the first pillar.
 9. The memory cell of claim 8 wherein the storage device is a capacitor.
 10. The memory cell of claim 6 further comprising a processor in communication with the memory cell.
 11. The memory cell of claim 6 further comprising: a gate line formed along opposing sides of the U-shaped transistor, wherein the gate line is substantially perpendicular to the trench; and an insulating material, wherein the insulating material substantially fills the trench.
 12. The memory cell of claim 6 further comprising: a gate line formed along opposing sides of the U-shaped transistor, wherein the gate line is substantially perpendicular to the trench; and a conductive gate material, wherein the conductive gate material substantially fills the trench and electrically connects with the gate line.
 13. A semiconductor structure comprising: a plurality of columns of protrusions, wherein each protrusion includes a source, a drain, and a channel; a plurality of wordline gaps separating the columns from one another; and a plurality of gate lines formed within the wordline gaps, each gate line at least partially surrounding one of the columns.
 14. The semiconductor structure of claim 13 wherein each protrusion is separated from an adjacent protrusion in one of the columns by a deep trench in a semiconductor substrate supporting the plurality of protrusions.
 15. The semiconductor structure of claim 14 wherein each protrusion comprises U-shaped construction with a first pillar and a second pillar, the first pillar is separated from the second pillar by a shallow trench and the first pillar is connected to the second pillar by a channel base segment extending out of the semiconductor substrate.
 16. The semiconductor device of claim 15 wherein the first pillar comprises a first source/drain region and the second pillar comprises a second source/drain region.
 17. An electronic device comprising: at least one U-shaped semiconductor structure having a first U-shaped surface and a second U-shaped surface on opposite sides connected by end-walls, wherein the first and second U-shaped surfaces are substantially parallel, the U-shaped semiconductor structure comprising a first source/drain region and a second source/drain region; a first channel formed along the first U-shaped surface; a second channel formed along the second U-shaped surface; a gate line facing both U-shaped surfaces; and a field isolation element directly adjacent each end-wall.
 18. The device of claim 17 further comprising: a memory storage device electrically connected to the first source/drain region; and a digit line electrically connected to the second source/drain region.
 19. A semiconductor structure comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a U-shaped protrusion surrounded by a set of wordline trenches and a set of deep trenches etched into the semiconductor substrate, the U-shaped protrusion comprises a first pillar and a second pillar, wherein the first and second pillars are separated by a shallow trench of a set of shallow trenches that extends into the semiconductor substrate and wherein the first and second pillars are connected by a ridge that extends above the surrounding trenches; a first source/drain region formed at a top portion of the first pillar; a second source/drain region formed at a top portion of the second pillar; and a gate structure formed in the set of wordline trenches; wherein the ridge and the lower portions of the first and second pillars define U-shaped channels on opposite sides of the U-shaped protrusion, wherein the U-shaped channels face the gate structure formed in the set of wordline trenches.
 20. The semiconductor structure of claim 19 wherein the shallow trench is filled with an insulating material to form two-sided U-shaped transistors.
 21. The semiconductor structure of claim 19 wherein the shallow trench is filled with a gate electrode material to form three-sided U-shaped transistors. 